Military Medal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the British award named the "Military Medal". For the French medal, see Médaille Militaire. For the Luxembourgish medal, see Military Medal (Luxembourg). For Spanish medal, see Military Medal (Spain). For military medals in general, see Military awards and decorations.

Military Medal
Obverse and reverse of medal
TypeMilitary decoration
Awarded forActs of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire
Presented byUK and Commonwealth
EligibilityBritish and Commonwealth forces
StatusDiscontinued in 1993
Established25 March 1916
(backdated to 1914)

Ribbon bar

Ribbon bar with rosette to indicate second award
Second award bar
Order of Wear
Next (higher)Distinguished Service Medal[1]
Next (lower)Distinguished Flying Medal[1]
RelatedMilitary Cross

The Military Medal (MM) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the British Army and other arms of the armed forces, and to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for bravery in battle on land. The award was established in 1916, with retrospective application to 1914, and was awarded to other ranks for "acts of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire". The award was discontinued in 1993, when it was replaced by the Military Cross, which was extended to all ranks, while other Commonwealth nations instituted their own award systems in the post war period.

History[edit]

The Military Medal was established on 25 March 1916.[2] It was awarded to other ranks including non-commissioned officers and warrant officers, and ranked below the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM).[3] Awards to British and Commonwealth forces were announced in the London Gazette,[2] but not honorary awards to allied forces.[4] (Lists of awards to allied forces were published by The National Archives in 2018 and are kept in country specific files within WO 388/6.)[5]

When the medal was first introduced, it was unpopular among regular soldiers. MM and DCM recipient Frank Richards wrote that "the Military Medal without a shadow of a doubt had been introduced to save awarding too many DCMs. The old regular soldiers thought very little of the new decoration".[6] Both the DCM and the MM attracted a gratuity and the decoration allowance of an extra sixpence a day to veterans with a disability pension. However, the allowance was only awarded once even if the recipient was awarded more than one gallantry award. The ratio in the First World War was approximately five MMs awarded for every DCM.[7]

From September 1916 members of the Royal Naval Division, serving on Western Front alongside the Army, were made eligible for military decorations, including the Military Medal, for the war's duration.[4] It could also be awarded to members of the Royal Air Force for gallant service on the ground.[8]

Eligibility for the MM was extended, by a Royal Warrant dated 21 June 1916, to women whether British subjects or foreign, with the first awards gazetted on 1 September 1916. Although nurses of the Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS) and the Territorial Force Nursing Service (TFNS) and other women serving with the British Army often had the social status of officers, they did not hold an officer's commission and were therefore ineligible for the Military Cross, but could be and were awarded the MM.[9] Louisa Nolan, a civilian during the Easter Rising in Dublin, was awarded the Military Medal for her courage under fire in providing humanitarian aid to the wounded.[10]

Since 1918 recipients of the Military Medal have been entitled to the post-nominal letters "MM".[11][12]

Eligibility was extended to soldiers of the Indian Army in 1944.[13]

The Military Medal was discontinued in 1993, as part of the review of the British honours system, which recommended removing distinctions of rank in respect of awards for bravery. Since then the Military Cross, previously only open to Commissioned and Warrant Officers, has been awarded to all ranks.[14] The MM had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries but by the 1990s most, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, were establishing their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours.

Description[edit]

The medal and ribbon had the following features:[3][4]

  • A circular silver medal of 36 mm diameter.
  • The obverse bears the effigy of the reigning monarch and an appropriate inscription.
  • The reverse has the inscription "FOR BRAVERY IN THE FIELD" in four lines, surrounded by a laurel wreath, surmounted by the Royal Cypher and Imperial Crown.
  • The suspender is of an ornate scroll type.
  • The ribbon is dark blue, 1.25 inches wide with five equal centre stripes of white, red, white, red, and white, each 0.125 inches wide.
  • The name and service details of the recipient were impressed on the rim of the medal, although honorary awards to foreign recipients were issued unnamed.
  • Silver, laurelled bars were authorised for subsequent awards, with a silver rosette worn on the ribbon bar to indicate the award of each bar.

Obverse variations[edit]

The medal was awarded with one of six obverse designs:[4]

  • George V (1st type) in Field Marshal's uniform (1916–1930)
    George V (1st type) in Field Marshal's uniform (1916–1930)
  • George V (2nd type) in crown and robes (1930–1937)
    George V (2nd type) in crown and robes (1930–1937)
  • George VI (1st type); inscribed 'INDIAE IMP' (1938–1948)
    George VI (1st type); inscribed 'INDIAE IMP' (1938–1948)
  • George VI (2nd type); omits 'INDIAE IMP' (1949–1952)
    George VI (2nd type); omits 'INDIAE IMP' (1949–1952)
  • Elizabeth II (1st type); inscription has 'BR OMN' (1952–1958)
    Elizabeth II (1st type); inscription has 'BR OMN' (1952–1958)
  • Elizabeth II (2nd type); inscription has 'DEI GRATIA' (1958–1993)
    Elizabeth II (2nd type); inscription has 'DEI GRATIA' (1958–1993)

Numbers of awards[edit]

Between 1916 and 1993 approximately 138,517 medals and 6,167 bars were awarded.[4] The dates below reflect the relevant London Gazette entries:

Period Medals 1st bar 2nd bar 3rd bar Honorary
awards
World War I 1916–20 115,589 5,796 180 1 7,930[15]
Inter–War 1920–39 311 4 – – –
World War II 1939–46 15,225 177 1 – 660
Post–War 1947–93 1,044[16] 8 – – –
Total 1916–1993 132,169 5,985 181 1 8,590

The above figures include awards to the Dominions:

In all, 13,654 Military Medals were awarded to those serving with Canadian forces, including 848 first bars and 38 second bars.[17]

Australian Army members received 11,038 and 14 were to awarded Air Force personnel; 478 first bars were awarded, 15 second bars and one third bar.[14]

Over 2,500 were awarded to New Zealanders, the last being for the Vietnam War.[18]

The honorary MM awards were made to servicemen and women from eleven allied countries in the First World War, and nine in the Second World War.[4]

During the First World War, 127 Military Medals were awarded to women, plus about a dozen honorary awards to foreign women.[19]

There was one instance of a third bar being awarded,[12] to Private Ernest Albert Corey, who served on the Western Front as a stretcher bearer in the 55th Australian Infantry Battalion.[14]

The only recipient to receive two bars during the Second World War was Sergeant Fred Kite, Royal Tank Regiment.[20]

Selected recipients of the Military Medal[edit]

French soldiers, after having been awarded the Military Medal, Battle of the Somme 1916
King George V decorating U.S. Army soldier James E. Krum with the Military Medal in 1918
See also: Category:Recipients of the Military Medal

Nearly 140,000 people have been awarded the Military Medal. Among the more notable recipients are:

World War I[edit]

World War II[edit]

Post 1945[edit]

  • Corporal Stephen Newland, H.M. Royal Marines - Awarded the Military Medal for his gallantry during operations in the Falklands War
  • Corporal Michael Eccles, H.M. Royal Marines - Awarded the Military Medal for his gallantry during operations in the Falklands War
  • Corporal Chrystie Ward, H.M. Royal Marines - Awarded the Military Medal for his gallantry during operations in the Falklands War

Popular culture[edit]

Jack Ford, a leading character in the BBC TV series When The Boat Comes In, is a World War I recipient of the Military Medal.[citation needed]

In the BBC series Peaky Blinders, the principal protagonist/antihero Thomas Michael Shelby is a recipient of the Distinguished Conduct Medal and the Military Medal for his service in World War I, then post-war he was awarded the OBE by Winston Churchill.[citation needed]

In the Dad's Army episode "Branded", the platoon discover that the character Private Godfrey was a Conscientious Objector. He is then ostracized by the platoon, until they find that he was awarded the Military Medal in the First World War whilst serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps, for rescuing wounded men under enemy fire. The medal itself is central to the storyline in that it is higher than all the medals held by the rest of the platoon and is seen as a mark of true heroism which earns him great respect from them all.[22]

In ANZAC Girls episode 6, "Courage", Sister Ross-King and three other nurses are awarded the Military Medal for bravery under fire.[citation needed]

In the video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Siege, the SAS character named Mike "Thatcher" Baker is seen wearing the Military Medal. The reason why it has been awarded to him is not mentioned.[citation needed]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "JSP 761 Honours and Awards in the Armed Forces" (PDF). p. 12A-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  2. ^ a b "No. 29535". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 4 April 1916. p. 3647.
  3. ^ a b "The British (Imperial) Military Medal". Vietnam Veterans of Australia Association. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Abbott, Peter Edward; Tamplin, John Michael Alan (1981). British Gallantry Awards (2nd ed.). London, UK: Nimrod Dix and Co. ISBN 9780902633742, Chapter 33, The Military Medal
  5. ^ Williamson, Howard J. (2018). The Military Medal Awarded to The Allied Armies by The British Government. privately published by Anne Williamson. ISBN 978-1-9996727-1-3.
  6. ^ Richards, Frank. Old Soldiers Never Die. (Library of Wales) (Kindle Locations 1742-1745). Parthian Books. Kindle Edition.
  7. ^ Including bars: 25,101 awards of DCM and 121,566 of MM. See pages 82 and 226, British Gallantry Awards, (2nd ed), Abbott & Tamplin.
  8. ^ Captain H. Taprell Dorling. Ribbons and Medals. p. 49. Published A.H.Baldwin & Sons, London. 1956.
  9. ^ Abbott & Tamplin, British Gallantry Awards, 2nd edition. Page 224, note 4.
  10. ^ BBC "The Military Medal for bravery" 23 March 2016
  11. ^ British Army Order No. 13 of January 1918
  12. ^ a b Duffy, Michael. "Encyclopaedia: Military Medal". Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  13. ^ Peter Duckers. British Gallantry Awards 1855 – 2000. pp. 44–46.
  14. ^ a b c d "Imperial Awards". It's an Honour. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  15. ^ Howard Williamson. Awards of the DCM and MM to the Allied armies during the Great War of 1914-20. Orders & Medals Research Society Journal, Vol 59, No 1. March 2020, p 13. Numbers based on names published in the War Office Lists up to August 1925 and includes MMs for Russian intervention 1919-20.
  16. ^ Abbott & Tamplin, British Gallantry Awards, 2nd edition, page 228 confirms 932 medals and 8 bars for 1947-79. A further 112 MMs awarded 1980-93: 65 for Northern Ireland; 34 for Falklands War, (Supplement to London Gazette 8 October 1982); and 13 for Gulf War, (Supplement to London Gazette, 29 June 1991).
  17. ^ Veterans Affairs Canada – Military Medal (MM) (Retrieved 1 November 2018)
  18. ^ New Zealand Defence Force: British Commenwealth Gallantry Awards - The Military Medal (Retrieved 1 November 2018)
  19. ^ "The King's Own Royal Regiment Museum, Military Medal". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  20. ^ See note 34, page 228, British Gallantry Awards, (2nd ed), Abbott & Tamplin.
  21. ^ a b "No. 54393". The London Gazette. 9 May 1996. p. 6549.
  22. ^ BBC website: Dad's Army episodes

External links[edit]

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